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Purpose ^[1]

The purpose of the Dial Test is to diagnose posterolateral knee instability, as well as to differentiate between isolated Postero-lateral corner (PLC) injury and combination of PLC and Posterior Cruciate Ligament injury (PCL) ^[2]. 

The test can be clinically valuable when:

1. Three posterolateral structures (Popliteus tendon, Popliteofibular ligament, Clinically Relevant Anatomy

   

    Relevant structures of the posterolateral corner in the knee ^[3]

   1. Preventing abnormal knee varus opening to applied forces
      • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament is the primary restraint to varus motion at all positions of knee flexion ^[4]
      • Popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament play important secondary role to preventing abnormal varus opening
      • Both the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and PCL are recruited to help resist varus moments when the fibular collateral ligament and other posterolateral structures are absent.
   2. Secondary role in preventing anterior tibial translation
      • Usually with an ACL injury, a injured PLC can cause increased anterior translation of the knee ^[5]
   3. Prevents primary external rotation of the knee ^[5]
      • The popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and fibular collateral ligament are the primary stabilizers to external rotation
      • PCL and the ACL are important secondary stabilizers to external tibial rotation of the knee at 90° of knee flexion^[4]
   4. Minor role in preventing posterior tibial translation and tibial internal rotation ^[5]

   Technique

   The test can be done with the patient either in prone or supine position (Different authors prefer different positions^[2][6])

   The goal of test is to inspect the external rotation (foot-thigh angle, best measured in a clinical setting ^[7])at the knee joint while the knees are in 30° and 90° of flexion .   

   Patient in prone position :

   The clinician flexs the patient knees to 30° and places both hands on the feet of the patient, cupping his heels. A maximal external rotation force is then applied, and the foot-thigh angle is measured and compared with the other side. The knees are then flexed to 90°, and again an external rotation force is applied and the foot-thigh angle is measured again ^[2].

   If the clinician choose to do the test while the patient is in supine position, there are two possible positions: 

   1. Same as in prone position – the knees are held together and bent to 30°, the clinician turns the lower legs and feet outwards and compares the amount of external rotation using the tibial tubercle as point of reference. Repeat the test with the knees at 90°.  
   2. The knee is flexed over the side of the bed. The clinician stabilized the thigh and apply an external rotation force through the foot and ankle. Then, the clinician looks for the amount of external rotation of the tibial tubercle, and compare it with the other knee ^[6].

       

   Evaluation

   The test is positive when there is more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee compared to the uninjured knee.

   There are two types of different injuries :

   • An isolated injury to the PLC – more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 30° of flexion, but not at 90° of flexion.
   • Instability of the PCL: more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 90° of flexion, but not at 30° of flexion.
   • A combined injury: more than 10° of external rotation in the injured knee is present at 30° and 90° of flexion. This is an injury of the PCL and the PLC. ^[6][2]

   Because of the difficulty in measuring the external rotation angle, Magee describes the following method of evaluation in his [8] : If the tibia rotates less at 90° than at 30°, an isolated posterolateral (popliteus corner) injury is more likely. If the knee rotates more at 90°, injury to both the popliteus corner and posterior cruciate ligament is more likely.

   An isolated ACL injury should also not be excluded with a positive dial test as a torn ACL can contribute to up to 7° of external rotation during the test.^[9]

   Reliability

   In their research from 2013, Krause et al ^[7] investigated the intra-tester and inter-tester reliability of the test by using a handheld digital inclinometer to measure the external rotation of the tibia. It was performed on both knees at 30° and 90° of knee flexion with the subject supine. While maintaining a neutral position of the ankle, an inclinometer was positioned parallel to the medial border of the foot to quantify external rotation of the tibia. Two examiners performed the dial test in a blinded manner. The minimal detectable change across repeated measures and side-to-side difference was calculated.

   Intra-tester reliability was 0.83-0.86 at 30° knee flexion and 0.87-0.89 at 90° knee flexion. Inter-tester reliability was 0.74 at 30° and 0.83 at 90°, suggesting that using a handheld digital inclinometer to measure external rotation can be performed with acceptable reliability in the clinical setting. A difference of 10° between two measurements on the same knee suggests that a meaningful change has occurred. For right to left comparison, differences greater than 15° suggest clinical significance.

   References

   1. ↑ English S, Perret D. Posterior knee pain. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.
   2. ↑ ^2.02.12.22.3 Lubowitz JH, Bernardini BJ, Reid JB. Current Concepts Review Comprehensive Physical Examination for Instability of the Knee. The American journal of sports medicine. 2008 Mar 1;36(3):577-94.
   3. ↑ Noyes FR. Noyes’ knee disorders: surgery, rehabilitation, clinical outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Aug 20.
   4. ↑ ^4.04.1 Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. The role of the pos-
      terolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the
      human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg
      Am. 1987;69:233-242
   5. ↑ ^5.05.15.2 T Moorman, Claude & LaPrade, Robert. (2005). Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee. The journal of knee surgery. 18. 137-45.
   6. ↑ ^6.06.16.2 LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Clinical Orthopaedics and related research. 2002 Sep 1;402:110-21.
   7. ↑ ^7.07.1 Krause DA, Levy BA, Shah JP, Stuart MJ, Hollman JH, Dahm DL. Reliability of the dial test using a handheld inclinometer. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2013 May 1;21(5):1011-6.
   8. ↑ Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Mar 25.
   9. ↑ Forsythe B, Saltzman BM, Cvetanovich GL, Collins MJ, Arns TA, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Bach BR Jr.Dial Test: Unrecognized Predictor of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency. Journal of Arthroscopy. 2017 Jul;33(7):1375-1381.